Business Ethics Vol. Business Ethics v 1. This is the book Business Ethics(v. Unformatted text preview: Business Ethics. This is the book Business Ethics (v.
John Stuart Mill's book Utilitarianism is a classic exposition and defence of utilitarianism in ethics. The essay first appeared as a series of three articles. Unhappy Humans and Happy Pigs. John Stuart Mill is famous for having expanded Bentham’s utilitarianism to incorporate Recommended Reading: John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism and Other Essays, ed. Mill's Intellectual Background. One cannot properly appreciate the development of Mill's moral and political philosophy without some understanding of his.
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Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill 1: General remarks most scornfully reject its authority. And every school of thought admits that the in
You can browse or download additional books there. Acknowledgements........................................................ Dedication................................................................ Preface................................................................... Chapter 1: What Is Business Ethics? What Is Business Ethics? The Place of Business Ethics ............................................................
Is Business Ethics Necessary? Facebook and the Unavoidability of Business Ethics ........................................ Overview of The Business Ethics Workshop ............................................... Case Studies ......................................................................... Chapter 2: Theories of Duties and Rights: Traditional Tools for Making Decisions. Business When the Means Justify the Ends ............................... The Means Justify the Ends versus the Ends Justify the Means ...............................
Information Philosopher is dedicated to the new Information Philosophy, with explanations for Freedom, Values, and Knowledge. Modern Morality and Ancient Ethics. It is commonly supposed that there is a vital difference between ancient ethics and modern morality. For example, there appears to.
Perennial Duties ...................................................................... Immanuel Kant: The Duties of the Categorical Imperative ................................... Rights...............................................................................
Case Studies ......................................................................... Chapter 3: Theories of Consequence Ethics: Traditional Tools for Making.
Decisions in Business when the Ends Justify the Means ..................... What Is Consequentialism? Utilitarianism: The Greater Good ....................................................... Altruism: Everyone Else .............................................................. Egoism: Just Me ..................................................................... Case Studies ........................................................................ Chapter 4: Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Relativism ......
What Is Cultural Relativism? Nietzsche’s Eternal Return of the Same ................................................. Cultural Ethics ...................................................................... Virtue Theory ....................................................................... Discourse Ethics ..................................................................... Ethics of Care ....................................................................... The Cheat Sheet: Rules of Thumb in Applied Ethics .......................................
Case Studies ........................................................................ Chapter 5: Employee’s Ethics: What’s the Right Job for Me?................. Finding Jobs to Want................................................................. Working for Ethically Complicated Organizations......................................... Case Studies ........................................................................
Chapter 6: Employee’s Ethics: Getting a Job, Getting a Promotion, Leaving.... Plotting a Promotion .................................................................
Looking for a Better Job Outside the Company............................................ Take This Job and. Case Studies ........................................................................ Chapter 7: Employee’s Ethics: Making the Best of the Job You Have as You Get. Taking Advantage of the Advantages: Gifts, Bribes, and Kickbacks ........................... Third- Party Obligations: Tattling, Reporting, and Whistle- Blowing .......................... Company Loyalty....................................................................
Stress, Sex, Status, and Slacking: What Are the Ethics of Making It through the Typical. Case Studies ........................................................................ Chapter 8: Manager’s Ethics: Getting, Promoting, and Firing Workers ........ Hiring .............................................................................
Wages ............................................................................. Promoting Employees................................................................
Firing .............................................................................. Case Studies ........................................................................ Chapter 9: Manager’s Ethics: Deciding on a Corporate Culture and Making It. Work................................................................... What Is Corporate Culture? The Relation between Organizational Culture and Knowing the Right Thing to Do .............
Two Ethically Knotted Scenes of Corporate Culture: Clothes and Grooming................... What Culture Should a Leader Choose to Instill? Styles and Values of Management ......................................................
Case Studies ........................................................................ Chapter 1. 0: The Tense Office: Discrimination, Victimization, and Affirmative. Action..................................................................
Racial Discrimination ................................................................ Gender Discrimination and Occupational Segregation..................................... Discrimination: Inferiority versus Aptness ............................................... The Diversity of Discrimination and Victimization ........................................
The Prevention and Rectification of Discrimination: Affirmative Action ...................... Case Studies ........................................................................ Chapter 1. 1: The Aroused Office: Sex and Drugs at Work ..................... Is There Anything Special about Sex?.................................................. Bad Sex: Harassment ................................................................. Drugged............................................................................ The Organization Wants You to Use Drugs?
Case Studies ........................................................................ Chapter 1. 2: The Selling Office: Advertising and Consumer Protection ........ Two Kinds of Advertising ............................................................. Do Ads Need to Tell the Truth?........................................................ We Buy, Therefore We Are: Consumerism and Advertising.................................
Consumers and Their Protections...................................................... Case Studies ........................................................................ Chapter 1. 3: The Responsible Office: Corporations and Social Responsibility ... What Kind of Business Organizations Are There? Three Theories of Corporate Social Responsibility ........................................ Should Corporations Have Social Responsibilities?
The Arguments in Favor .................. Should Corporations Have Social Responsibilities? The Arguments Against................... Case Studies ........................................................................ Chapter 1. 4: The Green Office: Economics and the Environment ..............
The Environment .................................................................... Ethical Approaches to Environmental Protection......................................... Three Models of Environmental Protection for Businesses ................................. Animal Rights ....................................................................... Case Studies ........................................................................
Chapter 1. 5: The Domination Office: The Star System and Labor Unions ....... What Is the Star System?............................................................. Questions Provoked by the Star System ................................................. Ethics: Justifying and Criticizing the Star System ......................................... Unions ............................................................................. Union Strikes ....................................................................... Case Studies ........................................................................
About the Author. James Brusseau (Ph. D, Philosophy) has taught ethics at the Mexican National. University, California State University, and the Pennsylvania State University. He is. author of Decadence of the French Nietzsche and Isolated Experiences: Gilles Deleuze and. Solitudes of Reversed Platonism.
Currently, he teaches at Pace University near his. New York City. 1 Acknowledgements. The Business Ethics Workshop was composed from the efforts, contributions, and.
Paul, Minnesota. Ian Barnard, California State University, Northridge. Matthew Brophy, High Point University. Scott Davidson, Oklahoma City University. Kruti Dholakia, The University of Texas at Dallas.
John T. Fielding, Mount Wachusett Community College. Christine M. Fletcher, Benedictine University. Andra Gumbus, John F. Welch College of Business, Sacred Heart. D. Haslett, University of Delaware. A. Pablo Iannone, Central Connecticut State University, Mount. Wachusett Community College.
Daryl Koehn, University of St. Thomas, Opus College of Business.
Krishna Mallick, Salem State University. Chris Metivier, University of North Carolina Greensboro. Ali Mir, William, College of Business, Paterson University. L. Ara Norwood, College of the Canyons. Harvey Slentz, Florida State College at Jacksonville.
Julie Stein, Las Positas College At Unnamed Publisher, Michael Boezi, Pam Hersperger, and Sharon Koch worked. I am indebted to them and to those working with.
A virtue ethicist is likely to give you this kind of moral advice: “Act as a virtuous person would act in your situation.”Most virtue ethics theories take their inspiration from Aristotle who declared that a virtuous person is someone who has ideal character traits. These traits derive from natural internal tendencies, but need to be nurtured; however, once established, they will become stable.
For example, a virtuous person is someone who is kind across many situations over a lifetime because that is her character and not because she wants to maximize utility or gain favors or simply do her duty. Unlike deontological and consequentialist theories, theories of virtue ethics do not aim primarily to identify universal principles that can be applied in any moral situation. And virtue ethics theories deal with wider questions—“How should I live?” and “What is the good life?” and “What are proper family and social values?”Since its revival in the twentieth century, virtue ethics has been developed in three main directions: Eudaimonism, agent- based theories, and the ethics of care.
Eudaimonism bases virtues in human flourishing, where flourishing is equated with performing one’s distinctive function well. In the case of humans, Aristotle argued that our distinctive function is reasoning, and so the life “worth living” is one which we reason well.
An agent- based theory emphasizes that virtues are determined by common- sense intuitions that we as observers judge to be admirable traits in other people. The third branch of virtue ethics, the ethics of care, was proposed predominately by feminist thinkers. It challenges the idea that ethics should focus solely on justice and autonomy; it argues that more feminine traits, such as caring and nurturing, should also be considered. Here are some common objections to virtue ethics.
Its theories provide a self- centered conception of ethics because human flourishing is seen as an end in itself and does not sufficiently consider the extent to which our actions affect other people. Virtue ethics also does not provide guidance on how we should act, as there are no clear principles for guiding action other than “act as a virtuous person would act given the situation.” Lastly, the ability to cultivate the right virtues will be affected by a number of different factors beyond a person's control due to education, society, friends and family. If moral character is so reliant on luck, what role does this leave for appropriate praise and blame of the person? This article looks at how virtue ethics originally defined itself by calling for a change from the dominant normative theories of deontology and consequentialism.
It goes on to examine some common objections raised against virtue ethics and then looks at a sample of fully developed accounts of virtue ethics and responses. Table of Contents. Changing Modern Moral Philosophy. Anscombe. Williams. Mac. Intyre. A Rival for Deontology and Utilitarianism. How Should One Live? Character and Virtue.
Anti- Theory and the Uncodifiability of Ethics. Conclusion. Virtue Ethical Theories. Eudaimonism. Agent- Based Accounts of Virtue Ethics. The Ethics of Care. Conclusion. Objections to Virtue Ethics.
Self- Centeredness. Action- Guiding. Moral Luck. Virtue in Deontology and Consequentialism. References and Further Reading.
Changing Modern Moral Philosophy. Overviews of Virtue Ethics.
Varieties of Virtue Ethics. Collections on Virtue Ethics. Virtue and Moral Luck. Virtue in Deontology and Consequentialism. Changing Modern Moral Philosophya. Anscombe. In 1. 95. Elisabeth Anscombe published a paper titled .
She criticized modern moral philosophy's pre- occupation with a law conception of ethics. A law conception of ethics deals exclusively with obligation and duty. Among the theories she criticized for their reliance on universally applicable principles were J. Mill's utilitarianism and Kant's deontology. These theories rely on rules of morality that were claimed to be applicable to any moral situation (that is, Mill's Greatest Happiness Principle and Kant's Categorical Imperative).
This approach to ethics relies on universal principles and results in a rigid moral code. Further, these rigid rules are based on a notion of obligation that is meaningless in modern, secular society because they make no sense without assuming the existence of a lawgiver- -- an assumption we no longer make. In its place, Anscombe called for a return to a different way of doing philosophy. Taking her inspiration from Aristotle, she called for a return to concepts such as character, virtue and flourishing.
She also emphasized the importance of the emotions and understanding moral psychology. With the exception of this emphasis on moral psychology, Anscombe's recommendations that we place virtue more centrally in our understanding of morality were taken up by a number of philosophers. The resulting body of theories and ideas has come to be known as virtue ethics. Anscombe's critical and confrontational approach set the scene for how virtue ethics was to develop in its first few years. The philosophers who took up Anscombe's call for a return to virtue saw their task as being to define virtue ethics in terms of what it is not- -- that is, how it differs from and avoids the mistakes made by the other normative theories.
Before we go on to consider this in detail, we need to take a brief look at two other philosophers, Bernard Williams and Alasdair Mac. Intyre, whose call for theories of virtue was also instrumental in changing our understanding of moral philosophy. Williams. Bernard Williams' philosophical work has always been characterized by its ability to draw our attention to a previously unnoticed but now impressively fruitful area for philosophical discussion. Williams criticized how moral philosophy had developed. He drew a distinction between morality and ethics. Morality is characterized mainly by the work of Kant and notions such as duty and obligation.
Crucially associated with the notion of obligation is the notion of blame. Blame is appropriate because we are obliged to behave in a certain way and if we are capable of conforming our conduct and fail to, we have violated our duty. Williams was also concerned that such a conception for morality rejects the possibility of luck. If morality is about what we are obliged to do, then there is no room for what is outside of our control. But sometimes attainment of the good life is dependant on things outside of our control. In response, Williams takes a wider concept, ethics, and rejects the narrow and restricting concept of morality. Ethics encompasses many emotions that are rejected by morality as irrelevant.
Ethical concerns are wider, encompassing friends, family and society and make room for ideals such as social justice. This view of ethics is compatible with the Ancient Greek interpretation of the good life as found in Aristotle and Plato.
Mac. Intyre. Finally, the ideas of Alasdair Mac. Intyre acted as a stimulus for the increased interest in virtue. Mac. Intyre's project is as deeply critical of many of the same notions, like ought, as Anscombe and Williams. However, he also attempts to give an account of virtue. Mac. Intyre looks at a large number of historical accounts of virtue that differ in their lists of the virtues and have incompatible theories of the virtues.
He concludes that these differences are attributable to different practices that generate different conceptions of the virtues. Each account of virtue requires a prior account of social and moral features in order to be understood.
Thus, in order to understand Homeric virtue you need to look its social role in Greek society. Virtues, then, are exercised within practices that are coherent, social forms of activity and seek to realize goods internal to the activity. The virtues enable us to achieve these goods. There is an end (or telos) that transcends all particular practices and it constitutes the good of a whole human life.
That end is the virtue of integrity or constancy. These three writers have all, in their own way, argued for a radical change in the way we think about morality. Whether they call for a change of emphasis from obligation, a return to a broad understanding of ethics, or a unifying tradition of practices that generate virtues, their dissatisfaction with the state of modern moral philosophy lay the foundation for change. A Rival for Deontology and Utilitarianism.
There are a number of different accounts of virtue ethics. It is an emerging concept and was initially defined by what it is not rather than what it is. The next section examines claims virtue ethicists initially made that set the theory up as a rival to deontology and consequentialism. How Should One Live? Moral theories are concerned with right and wrong behavior. This subject area of philosophy is unavoidably tied up with practical concerns about the right behavior.
However, virtue ethics changes the kind of question we ask about ethics. Where deontology and consequentialism concern themselves with the right action, virtue ethics is concerned with the good life and what kinds of persons we should be.
What kind of person should I be? Instead of asking what is the right action here and now, virtue ethics asks what kind of person should one be in order to get it right all the time.
Whereas deontology and consequentialism are based on rules that try to give us the right action, virtue ethics makes central use of the concept of character. Character and Virtue. Modern virtue ethics takes its inspiration from the Aristotelian understanding of character and virtue. Aristotelian character is, importantly, about a state of being. It's about having the appropriate inner states. For example, the virtue of kindness involves the right sort of emotions and inner states with respect to our feelings towards others.
Character is also about doing.